ABSTRACT
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common type of cancer worldwide, currently representing the most common gastrointestinal cancer with 13% of all malignant tumors. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that repress the translation of target genes. Since their discovery, they have been shown to play an important role in the development of cancer, since they can act as tumor suppressors or oncogenes. A literature review was performed in different databases such as Medline, PubMed, Cochrane, nature, Wolters Kluwer, ScienceDirect, Scopus, SpringerLink, Wiley Online Library. Studies were included from 2003 to 2018. Colorectal cancer presents genetic heterogeneity, because it can develop in different ways, the pathway through which cancer occurs depends on the gene initially altered. The aberrant expression of microRNAs is implicated in the development of colorectal cancer and its progression. Three existing steps in the maturation of the microRNAs have been identified: 1) transcription of the pri-miRNA, 2) cleavage in the nucleus to form the pre-miRNA and 3) a final excision in the cytoplasm to form the mature microRNA. It has been discovered that miRNAs have an impact on cell proliferation, apoptosis, stress response, maintenance of stem cell potency and metabolism, all important factors in the etiology of cancer. The data analyzed in this article highlights the importance of the study of microRNAs in colorectal cancer, however, for the carcinogenic process, progression, therapeutic management and prognosis, more multicenter randomized clinical trials are needed with a detailed analysis.
ABSTRACT
Introducción. La colecistectomía laparoscópica por puerto único es una nueva técnica mínimamente invasiva desarrollada para reducir el trauma del acceso quirúrgico, limitándolo a una sola incisión de por sí necesaria para la extracción de la pieza quirúrgica. Objetivo. Evaluar la factibilidad, la seguridad y la curva de aprendizaje de la colecistectomía laparoscópica por puerto único, utilizando instrumental convencional. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio de corte transversal en el que se analizó una serie de 465 pacientes consecutivos intervenidos con colecistectomía laparoscópica electiva por puerto único con instrumental convencional, entre marzo de 2012 y febrero de 2016. La principal indicación quirúrgica fue la colecistitis crónica o colelitiasis (70 %) (n=327). Se evalúa la curva de aprendizaje utilizando el método CUSUM (cumulative sum). Resultados. Se practicaron 465 colecistectomías laparoscópicas consecutivas por puerto único con instrumental convencional recto, en 350 mujeres y 115 hombres con mediana de edad de 43 años (rango: 13 a 81), mediana de tiempo quirúrgico de 35 minutos (rango: 20 a 80), predominio de riesgo ASA I (76,3 %); la prevalencia de obesos fue de 19,3 % con mediana de índice de masa corporal (IMC) de 33 kg/m2 , antecedentes de cirugía abdominal previa en 57,8 % de los casos y 16 conversiones a multipuerto (3,4 %). No hubo conversión a cirugía abierta. Se manejaron en forma ambulatoria 331 (71,2 %) colecistectomías. Se presentaron complicaciones menores, siendo la más frecuente el seroma de la herida quirúrgica (3,2 %). Conclusión. La colecistectomía laparoscópica por puerto único utilizando instrumental convencional es un método factible y seguro; la primera fase de la curva de aprendizaje para un cirujano laparoscopista experimentado puede lograrse con 50 procedimientos quirúrgicos
Background: Single-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy (SPL-C) is a novel minimally invasive technique designed to minimize the trauma of the surgical access, limiting the procedure to one incision which is needed for extraction of the specimen. Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility, security and learning curve of SPL-C using standard laparoscopic instruments. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was performed analyzing 465 consecutive patients that were submitted to SPL-C using standard laparoscopic instruments between march 2012 and February 2016. Main indication for cholecystectomy was chronic cholecystitis in 70% of our patients (n=327). The learning curve was evaluated using the CUSUM method (cumulative sum). Results: 465 consecutive SPL-C procedures were performed using standard laparoscopic instruments, 350 women and 115 men, median age was 43 years (range, 13 - 81), The median operative time was 35 minutes (range, 20 - 80), ASA score of 1 in 76,3%; obesity was found in 19,3% with median BMI 33 kg/m2, previous abdominal surgery in 57,8%, conversion rate to multiport technique was 3,4% (n=16) and there was no conversion to open surgery. Ambulatory setting was feasible in 331 patients (71%). Minor complications were recorded, the most frequent was wound seroma 3,2%. Conclusions: SPL-C using standard instrumentation is feasible and seems to be safe. The analysis demonstrated that phase 1 of the learning curve for an advanced laparoscopic surgeon can be achieved after 50 cases